Doç. Dr. Yalın Baştanlar
Zekâ genel anlamda kavrama, öğrenme, problem çözme, planlama gibi bilişsel özelliklerin kapasitesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Bilgisayarlara bu yeteneklerin kazandırılması olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz yapay zekâ önemli bir araştırma alanı.
Yapay zekânın kapasitesini sınamak için en eski öneri 1950’de Alan Turing tarafından ortaya atıldı. Turing testi olarak bilinen deneyde bir kişi bilgisayar üzerinden sorular sorarak karşı tarafla bir diyalog kurar. Eğer kişi karşıdakinin insan mı, bilgisayar mı olduğunu ayırt edemiyorsa karşıdaki bilgisayar Turing testini geçmiş sayılır.
Bilim insanları uzun yıllar boyunca insan zekâsının becerilerine sahip bir yapay zekâ uygulaması tasarlayabilmek için insanları taklit etmeye çalıştı. Ancak insanın düşünme mekanizmasını bilgisayara mantık kuralları ile anlatmak hayli karmaşıktı.
Ayrıca bir amaca ulaşmak için en etkili yöntem doğadaki çözüm olmayabilir. Örneğin insanlar uçmak için kuşları taklit etmek yerine fizik kurallarına göre tasarlanan uçaklar geliştirdi. Bu nedenle insanın düşünce sistemini taklit etmeye çalışan yapay zekâ yaklaşımı artık tercih edilmiyor.
Günümüzde ise çevreyi algılayarak belirli bir görevi başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştiren yapay zekâ uygulamaları var. Söz konusu yapay zekâ uygulamalarının bazı örnekleri:
· Satranç oynayan yapay zekâ uygulaması rakibin hamlelerini algılar, sonraki olasılıkları hesaplar ve hamle yapar.
· Sağlık alanında kullanılan bir yapay zekâ uygulaması test sonuçlarını ve diğer yaşamsal verileri alır, teşhis koyar.
· Sürücüsüz araç kamera ve radar gibi algılayıcılardan bilgiler alır, direksiyon hareketlerini ve motor gücünü kontrol eden çıktılar verir.
Sayısal verinin hızla artması (büyük veri kavramı) ve günümüzdeki bilgisayarların bu verileri işleyebilecek kadar güçlenmesi (örneğin grafik kartları ile paralel programlama) sayesinde günümüzdeki yapay zekâ uygulamaları çok miktarda veriyi analiz ederek öğreniyor. Örneğin sürücüsüz bir araç karar verirken 4 milyon kilometrelik sürüş tecrübesinden yararlanabiliyor. Google Çeviri ve diğer çeviri yapan uygulamalar, yabancı bir dili öğrenirken insanların yaptığı gibi dilin gramer kurallarını öğrenmez. Bunun yerine milyonlarca çeviri örneğine bakarak benzer kararlar verir. Örneğin İngilizce-Türkçe çeviri yaparken içinde “human” kelimesi geçen cümlelerin hepsinin çevirisinde “insan” kelimesinin olduğunu algılar ve bu kelimenin Türkçe karşılığını kendiliğinden öğrenir.
Bu yaklaşım bizi yapay zekâ ile bağlantılı bir kavram olan yapay öğrenmeye ulaştırır. Yapay öğrenme, bilgisayarların bir problemi çözmek için ham veriyi/deneyimi kullanarak en doğru kararları verecek şekilde programlanmasıdır.
Günümüzde geliştirilen yapay öğrenme uygulamaları ile birçok görev (örneğin fotoğraflardaki belirli bir nesneyi algılama, trafikte araç kullanma ya da ses tanıma) insanlar kadar hatta daha da başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilebiliyor. Ancak bilim kurgu filmlerinde olduğu gibi robotların kendi kolonilerini kurması ya da Dünya’yı ele geçirmesi gibi olasılıklar hâlâ çok uzakta. Günümüzde kullanılan başarılı yapay zekâ uygulamaları belirli bir görev için gelişmiş modeller. Ancak geliştirilen teknolojiler henüz insanlar gibi çok farklı görev ve durumları eş zamanlı olarak değerlendirecek düzeyde değil.
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أنابيب الميتال كوروجيت في العراق في مصنع إيليت بايب في العراق، نختص أيضاً في إنتاج أنابيب الميتال كوروجيت، المصممة لتكون قوية وقادرة على التحمل في التطبيقات الثقيلة. تم بناء أنابيب الميتال كوروجيت لدينا لتحمل الأحمال الثقيلة ومقاومة الضغوط البيئية، مما يجعلها مناسبة للاستخدام في إدارة مياه الأمطار، وبناء الطرق، والمجاري. مع التزامنا بالجودة والابتكار، تضمن شركة إيليت بايب أن هذه الأنابيب توفر أداءً استثنائياً ومتانة. كواحدة من المصانع الرائدة والأكثر موثوقية في العراق، نفخر بتقديم منتجات تتجاوز التوقعات. تعرف على المزيد حول أنابيب الميتال كوروجيت لدينا على موقعنا elitepipeiraq.com.
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